Thread-milling machine.



MAN.

C. BERG THEEADMLLH APPLNATION NLRB 12, 1912.

atented F970. 2, 19

7 SEBETS-SHBET 3.

.LING MAGHINE. APPLIGATIQN FILED MAR. 1

THREAD, MII

Patentad Feb. 2, 19%.

7 BHEBTS-SHEET 5,

BERGMAN. MILLING MACHINE.

ILL?) m3111912.

Paentad F612, i935.

,w 7 SHEETS-SHEET B.

C: 0. BERGMAN. THREAD MLLNG MAGHINE. APPLICATION FILED MA12.12,1912.

l SHEETS-SHEET 7.

CARL GTT@ BERCHEM, @E EVNSTOT, ILLINIS, A 'SS=G..

TEREALJJHLLNG MACK-HNE.

To all whom it may concern: I

Be it' known that l, CARL @me BERG- MAN, a citizen of the UnitedV States, residing 'at Eranston, in the county of Cook and State of llllinoisyhave invented certain new and useful Improvements in Threadllflilling Machines, of which the following is a specilication.

This invention relates to improvements in thread milling.; machines.

An object of this' invention is to provide a machine which will quickly and economicalli,T cut threads in pipe or other material. It has been-found that in the ordinary process of cuttinlj threads the latter are formed roughly and in order to eut threads rapidly Land turn out threaded matter as quiekljv as possible much material is spoiled in the applica'tion of theold method. By the use of special rnillingg cutters, however, applicant has found that threads may he cut on pipe or other material more rapidly than by the use of dies and such threads are smoother as well as stronger and better every way than the threads cut by dies.

Another object of this machine is to mill internal threads in pipe or pipe coupling. Alnother object is to mill either internal or l* external threads on hoth ends of pipe or other material simultaneously.

Still other objects will appear in the following ,specification and in the appended drawings. in whichl Figure 1 is a plan View of my machine. Fig. 2 is a side elevation. Fig. 3 is a side elevation looking at the opposite side from that shown in Fig'. 2. Fig. d. is a iront elevation. Fig. 5 is a rear elevation. Fig. 6 is a transverse section along the line 6. 6 of Fig. l. Fig. 'l' is a transverse section along the line 7. 7 of Fig. 1.

Like" numerals refer to like elements throughout the drawings; in which 10 designates a base number havingy the side walls n integral een trai wall 11" is located between the end walls' ll andthe end walls 11'.

nienihers l5 and .loa 16 are each composed of side Walls l5"9 i6 respectively, and the inner walls 152,

ing 'from the tro trollers are prefer.

Application le Marvi. i2. Alle. Serial The bracket members lg, respectively., by which they are secured to the side walls il ott the supporting hase.. .t transverse rib 163 extends across lie-'Gil tween the side Walls 16` slightly below the upper portion thereof and at their 'outer edges. As shown in Fig. of the drawings, a similarly located l) `153 extends between the walls 15 el the bracket l5. Then/alle i 1.3 and lll of the brackets 15 andlG.7 re-A sjnectirely. are provided at their upper portions with the outwardly projecting 'flanges 154,15* and the upwardly projecting flanges l5". 165, respectively. Each adjacent pair of' "fe, flanges lf, 1G are undercut, as shown in l? 2. i the drawings, for ex ample. to form asnde-way for a pun'pose Y hereinafter described." l

fr table nienilu! r 1?; is carried by' the upf per surface olE le haselend is providedI with undercut shoulders lli-'engaging the grooves lvl of rib 1S to permit lateral motion of the said taille rnernber. The rib 153 of the table is centrally apertured 19. as shown in i3 and 7 of the'drawings. rthe central portion of the table 1'? is apertured also at 20. 'tor a purpose to ne hereinafter descrita l.

upwardly e l? is provided with averted d-sliapedfn remity overhanging the the table. This shaped i' formed with a pei? side walls dan@ l Q2 rearwardlyeztteud te '5, wall 2 3 and being integral with the main body of the table l?. A pair of flanges 9.1iexte'nd upwardly a short distance from the taille-1.7 adjacent the front 'all of the in4 d l -shaped member. e5 Journaled these manges is a roller 25. At the forward portion the tablel a second roller 26 is jenrnaled. in a, pair of iianges 2? projecting ner/ard From the table. 1-7 of tlieloi'erhai emity of the inverted le@ .ll-'shaped rneinher a third roller 28 is journaled between the flanges Q2. rllhis roller lies in the Yne plane with 4the rollers Q5 and 2li. the thi rollers lying at approximately lthe apices or a one lateral triangle. These w ply formed with wedge shaped peripher 3., as shown in Fig. l of the drawings. carrying member 30 approximately Cylindrical `iiiempf. 'je 15eme be tween the rollers 25', .26 and 27v and is' rotetably supported thereby.y The carrying member 3G is provided at'its outer erph`- cry with u centrally located upward y p. jecting rig 31 provided with a groove 32 in which the Wedge shaped jnirijjiheries of the rollcrsmare adapted to register, essho'wn in Fig. 7 o't the drawings. By using rollers of this configuration fitting in this groove the lateral motion of the carrying member 30 with respect te the rollers is prevented, as `will be apparent from the drawings. Furthermore, these rollers serve to prevent any motion of 4the carrying member proper save rotation upon its axis.

Secured to the inner surface of the carrying member 80 and closely tting thereto is the sleeve 33 secured thereto by screw bolts 34 or other means.` Tbis'sleeve 33 is provided with n puir of clamping members 35 eX- tending from diametrically opposite points o its internal periphery. These members 35 overlap and are hollowed out at 35" to the configuration of pipe or other material to be clamped therebetween. Euch of said members 35 terminates in a flange 35' overhanging the body portion of the other clamping member. Euch of these flanges 35 thread edly engages the adjacent portion of the other llange. By tightening these bolt 1ne1nbers the materiel carried between said clamjiring member 35 will be securely held in position7 indicated in l? 7 of the drowmgs. In the embodiment shown l have urution to clamp pipe or pipe couplings 3 as shown in Fig. 7 but it is obvious that this `:interior configuration muy be changed to to u shaft 45 carried in :L bcarin as 'formed .integral W1th one wel 2Q of the Pf m) clamp any material on which threads are to be cut. j

A Worm rack 40 .is seeilred tothe outer pe riphery of the carrying member 30 adjacent one side of the rib 31. This worm rack securely held in place by 'the threaded bolt member `Se, es shown in Fig. 7 of the dreun ings.y A worm 41 engages this ruck d0, :is shown, in Fig. 2 of the drawings. This worin le carried on n` shaft journaled in. a bearing member 4:3 secure-dto the inner face of the Well 9.3. of the inverted ibshupcd member, es shown in Fig. 6. 'lhis'ehuft #.l-Q is connected, by means of a universal joint 44 46 shown inverted i-'shaped member. This shaft 45 et its other extremity carries u beveled gear wheel At7 engaged and driven by the bevel goor 48 carried on u jeclr shar't 49 intermodiete its extremities. llpoi'i. one end if this; shaft @t9 is secured :i step pulley 5i" 'Upon the other end of the shaft Li9 is carried e. sprocket wheel A. bracket bearing bil le secured to the outer side ott one of the walls 22 of the U *Bflfped memberfs indicatedvin Fig. `l'of the drawings. This shaft 49 is journaled in this bearing 52, just inside the sprocket 51.

relation to those of the pulley 50, as shown in'Fig. 5, is located therebelow. This step ulley is"c`ar'ried by a shaft 'parallel to er end of the shaft 49; as shown nv the shaft 49. Secured to the outer face of i the step pulley by a. collar 57 is a bevel gear 58, as shown-in Fig. 5. The shaft 56 is journeledat' one extremity in the bracket bearing 59 secured to the outside of one wall 22 in the VJshaped member. This shaft 56 is further .jollrnaledl` in` the bearing 6l) secured to the outer side of the other wall 22 on the U-sheped membemvas sbownin Fig. 5.

Mes'hing withjthe bevel' gear 58 is the driving bevel gear 61 carried by the shaft 62 Which ls'journaled `in the bearing 63 carried by the i bracket 64C. A spacingV collar 65 spaces the beveled gear 61 from the bearing member 63, as shown in Fig. 2 of the drawings. A second bevel ,ear 66 is carried at the other extremity o the shaft 62 .and meshes with the bevel geur 67 which has a eollur`68 projecting rearwardly therefrom and journaled in the Vbearings 69. vThese bearings 63 and 69 are carried on en integral bracket member 7 D projecting from and secured to the table member 17 at the rearward portion thereof. The bevel gear 67 is secured to the shaft 71 by sliding a key or other equivalent ineens and allowing the gear 67 to slide on the said shaft 71, but not to rotate thereon. This shaft 71projects through the coller 68 et one end and is i journaled in a projection through the been ing member 72 carried by a bracket 73 se cured by e rivet 7-'l or other means to the outside ot the walls Ill of the buse 1nen1- ber 10.

Secured to the end of the shaft 7l exteriorly of the bearing member 72 u. bevel geur 75 meshing with a bevel rear. 76 carried by the shaft 77. This sha At 77 is journaled at one end in :in upright bearing 78 secured to the foundation or floor upon which the machine .is secured, und et the other end in the bracket bearing 8() secured to and projecting from the rear woll l1 of the base l0. Carried by thidshnft 77 is the driving pulley 8l adapted to be driven by n) belt 82 leading `troni the mein driving means. A short belt 85 used to drive the step pulley 50 from the pulley 55. The steps of the pulley 50, :is mentioned above. ore arranged, in reverse orde from `the steps of the pulley 55 so that the speed of the driven pulley lill and hence the speed of' the side of the base of said machine a rod 140 is joux'naled in the rib 163 and threnrledly engages the depending vossesl23 of the pedestal 121. This rod 140 is prevented from displacement with fespect tothe rib 16a by n. coller 141. Secured to the outer extremity of the rod is the geen 14e-1. These :rods 1410, are' located on st com mon axis. Located below the rods 135, `und parallel therewith is s. long,` rod 150. This rod is joui-wilful in n pair of bracket members 151, one being secured to the inner side of the Wall 152 and the other to the inner side of the well 16:I of the brackets 15 and 16, respectively. This rod 150 also passes through nml is journaled in said inne: Walls 152 :mul 1li, respectively, and the side `Wells 11 oit the base. A geen 152 is located at one exil-curity of the rod 150 und meshes with llul 'im' 144. Adje-- cent the other'ezitiemiti` ci" he rod 150 is' carried a gear 153 nicsliirm; with the geen 137. fkworm Wheel l is: carried :it the extremity of the rod .loll fxtciiorly of the gear 'lt will be uol-:al that upon ro tation. olf the crank 138. he rod 135 will operate to either' 'withdla o' :uf slide forward the pedestal 1Q() while wellen will he com: municnted te the rod 1 Trough the gears 137, 15?, rod 150. gem.. T32. 144, whereby the pedestal 121 will .simultaneously moved tcimid or away from the pedestal 120. lheieloi'e. it Will he seen that the pcdestals 120 121 earryii Inti and 123i'. i'espectively. may f u simultanei sl; moved towald @zich other oi* nin-ay from euch other laterally' with iefliect to the cm1 liei' member 30.

A short shaft 1GO is jow aled in a hear-- ing 161 carried on the taf 17, as seen in Fig. 5 of the drawings. one extifemity el? this shaft secured e .fr 162 to pie vent removal olt the rod 1w At the other extremity" o1: this shaft 1GO the bevel gem 1GB in mesh with a second bevel. geen 161 with the shaft 165 located in the same plane as shaft 1GO and ut iigrh angles thereto. This shaflt 16.3 is journale." in the bracket heal-ingr 186 secuicd to the e *c of the tnhle 17 by means of bolts oi.' 167 passing thiough wall 1118.. es fwn in Fig. 3 oil2 the drawings. n dollars MT prevent displacei'nent of the rod 165 said bearing 1G13.

l=\1`[ountell :mon one side 15 of the lnaelqet l5 is the bracket la 170. The md 165 if. uuu'naled and s: aujy mounted in this hearing 170. spxm tiet Wheel 171 (mmh-.l on the rod 16.1 exteiiolly of the laiaviiw` 170. as shown in Fig". 3. This syn-wallet lll is rotated by the 'i-vd 165, hut is al1-.o capable o1 sliflable movcfent thereon lzjy means o1" a. feather o1' spline. 4not howl, sliding; in the keyway of ille rod 11:15. .t lm.. 111i projects from the outer por Licensee tion. of and is .secured to the inner. fece of ai, side Wall 1.5i o1' the lfet 15, as shown ijn Fig. E5. This lune i csri'iesfa hiil'uicated. bearing 176 in which are l'iivotally j'ournaled trimnions 17's iforn'ugsd on the beering 178. Joiilinalcd in 'this hearing is a sli-ait 18() cal'l'i'f 10' the wjn'xo. 181 intermediate its exti'ei'mties. The worm 131 meshes with the 'wolai wheel 1511-. At one extremity of the Mull 'llll .n ,l at Wheel 171 i@ sprocket 18 liu: menus ol the han y he lifted or lowere l .uionntlng o1 the boerin` o 1116. By thi heut in mf ou.

die 1.5 the :ihe'ut the` A 17S in the li' means the W Vnent with the weini wheel 151. A ii-iwe'l' from the w in op Fig. 3 it dell from will he seen the sprocket o1 the bevel gears 1G51 and 11534-, tlnough, the sprockets 171 and 1852 to the .vmm 1F51. e The wol-n.1 181 will tiieu votate the 'Nevin Wheel which will Votate the rod 150. The gemis 1"2 and W "lien similltaneously in'ipaitmotion. to the .D s 1111- and 12:17. respectively. when is will he f ilwiousmthe pedestuls 121 si Al .lil lemving the spindles 127. 126. refugee 'wlw'. -will he :u'l'lanced slowly tovaid cach other. When it tlc-- sil'ed to throw the ,uic flumieal 'feeding move.- :nent of the pelfleslal tud f-'fnindlf out of: engagement it n iai'y te com- 'press 180 and mi the ved 150 until the detent 189 engages tl upper notch 190 when the mechanical feci. mg will he stopped und the crank 138 muy be used to witlulmv. the milling cutter.

In the operation of the complete machine. when for exemple it is desix'ed to simultane ousl)T mill internal thieads on a shox-t pipe coupling. as shown in Fig. 7, the threaded bolts are Withdrawn sufficiently to 'pci'- mit the 'insertion ot the emailingr 38 in the w I '11 l posiunl shone in lif c. ,l ne bolts 3() are ther. tightened tc'peim t the clamping memto secui'ely gzip and hold the couin a. plane with theliti litho driving plies 38- The wel@ ll leere 3()- to rotate through. the inea handle lOO is slowly r A into er.'-

raafle at this in operation hitherto'it .y be started this point, thereby eausi in or eil! with the' Worm agement of the Worin i 3 rack 40, the worm al ben driven oy means oi* the shaft 4&5 and the t.. 1n gearing de scribed. above. lThe power also be' applied to the spindles l2-6 l point if it li is not be P' 4+@ causing the r ling cater., l the desired dir ction acct tionl of the thread tolse pling 3Q. The spindles initial cutting position r contact with the approximately at i800 shown in Fig. 3 of the di or the collars lOl secured the .rod l the l l movement of the block ro movement of the rod Work.

'sie @seele tationl of the eccentric as explained above will cause the rod 101 to be moved bodily outward and will cause the table l? to be moved a corresponding distance. This will also nieve the carrier member and coupling 38 a .distance equal rice eccentricity of the eccer l "c $96. This eccentric is preferably chosen eccentri ity slightly more than r the depth the thread to be cut on i coe ling S8 so that as the eccentric handle 1 isslowly rotated .the cutters will into the coupling to te" depth of the thread desired the eccentric handle 1Go inea, released. This engagement of the stu l or the bloei: with the eccentric 9@ will reversed cally be l i equal to the o out when ,Vv

nml the oraalt l05` is rotated. lt will means of the eccentric wel its i have provided an accor ing the milling cutters .c Work and locking the ci position before starting ment ci the cutters lo.

Previous to elle 7 E- es nas not .oe-en is lowered into the position shown in Fig. 3

when the Worin ll will mesh with and rotate the-Worin Wheel 154 as described above. The reduction o the speed imparted to the rod ll) thereby and hence to the pedestals and i2l is suoli as to feed these pedestals 120 and 121 toward each other so as toveach advance with respect to the coupling 38 a distance equal to the pitch of the thread to be out. As this automatic feeding of milling critter-s 'talesplace the operation of the eccentric as described above is performed :o that as the first series of threads are cot .they will not reach their full depth. The

cutting internal threads at each end of a pipe coupling, it is to be noted that er` ter. il tareacls inay be as readily cut on short pipe sections, or the machine may be used to out a single sei-'5 of threads on one end oi? pipeor other material by removing one pedestallrom the machine. Fun therinore, the gears Worms, sprockets7 etc., used in the operation of this machine may be varied to obtain any desired relative speed of `the parte.

.it is to be noted that to secure the smoothest threads the spindles 126, 127 are preferably carried by the pedestals 120, 121, respectively, in such a manner that the axis oi eacbmilling cutter will lie in a plane perpendicular to the threads being milled, rather than to the cross section or the pipe or other material being milledo YJi'vhile l haveshoivn my invention as embodied in a specilic forro, l. do not Wish to limit myself thereto beyond the scope of the appended claims.

l claim:

l. in a device of the class described, a carrying' member adapted to carry short sections of pipe or other material, a plurality of spindles, milling cutters carried thereby and adapted to mill threads on 'the ends or said pipe sections, means to continuously rotate said cutters and means to move 'the los said carrying member laterally with reing with said lastnamedmeans to move Said carrying means laterally with res ect to said spindles la distance approximate y equal to the depth. of thread to be out on pipe or other material carried by said carrying` .memben 4. In a device of the class described, a

. "supporting base, -a Y table ,slidably mounted ontsaid base, anda carrying member rota tably ,carried .by4 said `tablesaid carrying member ibeing provided with an internal sleeve thereto, saidsleeve being provided with clampmg means. .jg-hmalevicefo Vthe class described, a

"swprtin having an upper plane sur mta leshdably. mounted on said suraee,`rollers `ournaled on said table, and a carrying an clamping member rotatably supported on said rollers. y

6. `In a device ofthe class described, a suporting base having an upper plane surace, a `table vslidably mounted on said surface, rollers journaledon said table, a carrying and 'clampinfmember rotatably supported on said ro 1ers, and means to rotate said carrying and clampinv member.

7. 'IIIA a deyice of the lass described, a supporting base having an upper plane surface, a table slidably mounted on said base, a cylindrical carrying member rotatably carried by said table, said carrying member being provided With a worm rack on its outer periphery, and means to rotate said carrying member, said means comprising a rotatable Worm meshing with said Worm rack.

.8. In a device of the class described, a supporting base having an upper plane surface, a table slidably mounted on said base,

'a cylindrical carrying member rotatably carried by said table, said carrying member being provided with a worm rack on its outer periphery, means to rotate said carrying member, said means comprising a rotatable worm meshing with said worm raclrl and means to drive said worm.

9. In a device of the class described, a supporting base having in upper plane surface, a table slidably mounted on said base, a cylindrical carrying member rotatablycar-y ried by said table, said carrying member being provided with a worm rack on its outer er laterally with respect v:unerase periphery, means to rotate said carrying member, said means comprising a rotatable Worm meshing 'Witlisaid worm rack, means to drive said Worm, and means to vary the speed" oi said driving means.

Al0. In a device of the class describtail, a table, rollers carried by and journaled in said table, and a carrying member rotatably mounted on said rollers. v

11. In' a device of the class described, a table, rollers carried by and journaled` in said table, a carrying member rotatably` mounted on said rollers, and means Ato a just one of said rollers radiallyvvith respect to said carr ing member.

12. In a evice o f the class described, a supporting base having an upper plane sur face, a talee slidablv mounted on said plane surface, rollers carried by and journaled in said table, Va carrying member vrotatabl mounted on saiderollers, and means to adiv justonc of .said rollers radially with to .saidcairyiiig member.

1 3, In a device of the class described, a supporting base `having a plane upper sur facefa tablefslidably mounted on said plane surface, said table being provided with up wardly Projecting journal flanges, a. plurality o rollers gournaled in said flanges, and a carrying` mei-iber'having a grooved outer periphery, said carrying member bein rotatably mounted on said rollers, said respect ro 1ers registering with the groove in the periphery of saidcarrying member.

la. In a device of the class described, a` supporting base, a table slidably mounted on said base, two pairs of adjacent flanges `upwardly projecting from` said table, a roller journaled in each pair of said llanges, an inverted `J shapedI member upwardly projecting from saiditable and overhanging the central portion thereof, a roller journaled in the extremity of said J -shaped member, said roller lying in the same plane as the first named rollers, said rollers having "wedge-shaped peripheries, a carrying member rotatably mounted on and between said rollers, said rollers .fitting in a groove in the outer periphery of said carrying member, and means to rotate said carrying member.

In a device of the class described, a supporting base, a table slidably mounted on said base, two pairs of adjacent flanges` upwardly projecting from said table, a roller journaled in each pair of said flanges, an, inverted J-shaped member upwardly projecting from said table and overhanging said central portion thereof, a roller journaled in 'the extremity of said Jshaped member, said roller lying in the same plane as the first named rollers, said rollers having wedge-shaped peripheries, a carrying member rotatably mounted on and between said rollers, said rollers fitting in a grieve in the outer periphery of said carrying lio table slidably r l 7 l said bearmgs, saidbearmgs being movable carrying members', ahdlmeans-'to manually anse/,ess

member;"a,irorrnrack'secured areund tbe periphery of said'carrying member, and a rotatable Worrnengaging said worm rack, said worm"b'eing carried by a shaft journaledon said J-shaped member.

16, ln a device of 'ti ss described, a supporting base, said ting base being provided with e. upper ane suriace, a

ated' e piane surlface, bracket .,.enibc" ,c to the sides or' said base p 'oie upwardly there from, bearings ca: ia upper surface of said brackets Ld spindles journaled in on said brackets laterally with resnectto said carrying "nember I 17. n a device oi the class described, a

supporting base, vsaid supportingbase being provided with an upper planejxsurface, a? table slidably mounted on said planegsurf face, bracket members secured'lto-thefsides of said base-and projecting upwardlyfthere from, bearings'carriedonithe 'up r'- surface vof said brackets-spindles vjourna ed in' said bearings, said bearingsfbein'g movable; on ,said brackets laterallylwithl'respect to said p move said bearingsr'logitudinally,

18. In a device ef the class described, aV

supporting base, said supporting base being provided with an up [er g plane surface, a table slidablymounte -on` said plane surface, bracket members secured to the sides of said base vand projecting upwardly therefrom, bearingsca'rried 0n the upper surface of said brackets, spindles j'ournaled in saidv bearings, said bearings being movable on said brackets laterally `with respect to said carrying member, meansto manually move said bearings longitudinally, and means to automatically -r'nov'esaid bearings and spindles longitudinally toward 4said carrying member.I r

19.*!In a 'device of the class described, a supporting base, said supporting base being `provided with an upper plane surface, a

table slidably mounted on said plane surface, bracket membersfsecured to the sides of said base and surface of said brackets, spindles journaled in said bearings, `said bearings being movable von said brackets laterally with respect to said carrying member, means tomanually move said bearings longitudinally, and means to automatically move said bearings and spindles longitudiN nally toward said carrying member, said tremities of said pedestall 'last named means'being capable or being thrown into or out of operation at will.

20.-l"n a device of the class described, a-

gears carried by said first named shafts, a x worm wheel carried at one end of said coun- 'ter-shaft, and a worm carried by a shaft ,lorcated at right angles to said counter-shaft,y

said wormmeshing'with said yworm wheel,

said worm shaftv carrying l:2t-sprocket at its` otherextremity, said shaft being pivoted intermediate its extremities whereby it may be erated to throw the said worm into or out' o engagement with said wormWheBL 21. ln ya' device of the class described, a

ably mounted on sa1d supporting base, brackets secured to the sides o-said base and projecting upwardly therefrom, pedessupporting base, a carrying member slid,

tal bearings mounted on said brackets andl movable laterally with respect to` said carrying member, shafts threadably en agingl` bosses depending from said pedesta bearings, each'of ysaid shafts having a gear,

Wheel secured thereto outwardl ofthe eX- earings, a counter-shat located below said first named shafts,r said counter-shaft carrying gears meshing with the gears carried by said first named shafts, a worm wheel carried at one end cfysaid. cofuntershaft, a Worm carried by /a shaft located at right angles to'said counter-shaft, said Worm meshing with said worm Wheel, said shaft being pivoted inter` mediate its `extremities whereby it mayA be pivoted to throw the said worm'into or out of engagement with said worm wheel, and means to drive said worm shaft.

In testimony whereof, I have subscribed my name.

CARL OTTO BERGMAN.. Witnesses;

HENRY A Panne, Enr'rnn llil. ANDERSON. 

